A. Asokan ¹, D. Sivakumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Dept of E&I, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Chidambaram, IN

Abstract

Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) is a task to deduce from observed variable of the system if any component is faulty, to locate the faults and also to estimate the fault magnitude present in the system. The main goal when synthesizing robust residual generators, for diagnosis and supervision, is to attenuate influence from model uncertainty on the residuals while keeping fault detection performance. In this paper, a design procedure for robust residual generators is developed with two key elements. One is the use of a reference model that represents desired performance. The other is an optimization criterion, based on robust H_∞ filtering, used to synthesize the residual generator.

Keywords

Fault Detection, Robust Residual Generation, Structured Residual Approach, H_∞ Filtering

Full Text

   

D. Sivakumar ¹, T. Hemalatha ², R. Rajeshwaran ¹, N. Murugan ¹, M. Kotteeswaran ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai - 600062, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Structural Engineering Research Centre (CSIR - SERC), Chennai - 600113, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Objective: An experimental investigation was carried out to study the size effect on concrete specimens. Methods: In order to study the size effect compressive and split tensile test were conducted on standard and high strength concrete (M₃₀ and M₆₀) specimens of two different sizes of cubes (150 x 150 x 150 mm and 100 x 100 x 100 mm) and cylinders (150 x 300 mm and 100 x 200 mm) made of natural and artificial sand. In addition to this, the flexural strength test was also conducted for beam (500 x 100 x 100 mm) to compare the flexural strength of the beams made of natural and artificial sand. Findings: The result showed that the larger size concrete specimen fails at a lower stress than a smaller one and it was also observed that there was no significant variation in the strength with two sizes considered. The mechanical properties obtained with natural sand and artificial sand indicates that strength obtained for artificial sand was higher than that of natural sand for both M₃₀ and M₆₀ grade of concrete. Applications/Improvements: From this study, it was concluded that the standard cube of 150 x 150 x 150 mm and 100 x 100 x 100 mm can be used interchangeably for the test purpose. Similarly, for split tensile strength, standard cylinder of 150 x 300 mm and 100 x 200 mm can be used interchangeably.

Keywords

Artificial Sand, Mechanical Properties, Size Effect, Strength Characteristics

Full Text

   

Abi P. Mathew ¹, A. Asokan ², K. Batri ³, D. Sivakumar ⁴

Affiliations
1 St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology, Palai, Bharananganam Pravithanam Road, Choondacherry-686579, Kerala, IN
2 Department of Instrumentation, Annamalai University, Rukmani Lakshmipathy Road, Egmore, Chennai-600008, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Kothandaraman Nagar, National Highway 209, Dindigul – 624622, Tamil Nadu, IN
4 Department of Instrumentation, Annamalai University, Rukmani Lakshmipathy Road, Egmore, Chennai – 600008, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Background/ Objective: This article identifies the best feature of the flame video, captured with a camera with frequency response in visible spectrum, from which the flame temperature can be estimated. Methods/Statistical analysis: The flame videos at different air and fuel inlets with different boiler temperatures were recorded from a diesel fired boiler prototype. In the video frames, the flame region was localised by intensity based adaptive thresholding. The correlation between boiler temperature and measures of central tendency and dispersion of different colour channels of the video frames were investigated. Findings: Among the features of the flame video, Standard deviation of blue channel grey levels above 32.95, variance greater than 1293 and mean absolute deviation (MAD) above 30.38 could efficiently represent the region of optimum combustion air supply at which boiler temperature is maximum above 684 degree Celsius. Range of green channel grey levels, interquartile mean, variance and mean absolute deviation of blue channel grey levels are the video features exhibiting maximum correlation (ρ>-0.96) with boiler temperature. Applications/Improvements: The features of the flame video which are correlated with its temperature can be utilised to develop non-intrusive methods of temperature measurement. This will enable efficient control of combustion process.

Keywords

Combustion, Flame Image Processing, Flame Temperature Measurement, Image Features, Video Processing

Full Text

   

M. Thiruvengadam ¹, G. N. Pradeep Kumar ², D. Sivakumar ¹, C. Mohan ¹

Affiliations
1 Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai - 600062, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 S.V.U. College of Engineering, Tirupati - 517502, Andra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Objectives: To review the Darcy’s equation and ascertain the reliability of the present experimental investigations with that of the past study. To present a non-dimensional form of relation between resistant to flow with fluid and particle parameters. To analyze the relation between Reynolds numbers with resistant coefficient (lambda) in ground water flow. Methodology: In order to achieve these objectives, experimental program planned, designed and carried out. Experiments conducted on porous medium of large spread of sizes of different materials in parallel flow permeameter for all regimes of flow. Findings: Experimental results compared with Darcy’s equation and the validity of this equation is verified. A new form of Reynolds number is derived taking hydraulic mean radius as characteristic length and seepage velocity as characteristic velocity absorbing void ratio, volume diameter, and kinematic viscosity. Another non-dimensional form of resistant co-efficient is also derived and used to get unique relation between Reynolds numbers with resistance coefficient. Applications: Observed experimental data applied in Darcy’s equations, and verified in its applicability. The derived equations can be applied in porous medium flow, such that velocity of flow can be determined, from which discharge through porous medium can be estimated.

Keywords

Darcy, Friction Factor, Hydraulic Gradient, Porous Medium Flow, Reynolds Number, Velocity

Full Text

   

M. Thiruvengadam ¹, G. N. Pradeep Kumar ², D. Sivakumar ¹, C. Mohan ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai - 600062, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, S.V.U. College of Engineering, Tirupati - 517502, Andra Pradesh, IN
3 Department of Mathematics, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai - 600062, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Objectives: Since 1856, Darcy's equation is used to analyse the ground water flow. This equation can be applied only in laminar regime of flow. No suitable equation is available to analyse other regimes of flow. During the pumping the water from well, the water around well flows in converging pattern towards well. The analysis of flow of water around wells is a problem in converging boundary through porous soils or sands. Generally, Dupuit's equation is used to analyse the flow around the well. One of the drawback in Dupuit's equation is it can be used only in laminar flow, since, this equation used Darcy's concept. No equation is available to analyse other than laminar flow in converging pattern towards well. Therefore, this situation motivated to think to design a sector of well model to conduct experiments on porous medium flow in converging boundary for all regimes of flow to estimate the discharge of a well. Methodology: In order to achieve the objective, a converging permeameter (a sector of a well model) is planned, designed and experimented. In this study, experiments have been conducted on porous medium in converging flow permeameter for all regimes of flow. From the experimentation of converging boundary, data like discharge, hydraulic gradient and velocity are calculated. Further, a new non-dimensional form of equation is also derived relating hydraulic gradient with Reynolds number. Findings: A set of graphs are drawn between hydraulic gradient and velocity, using Darcy's range of velocities and corresponding hydraulic gradient. These graphs are compared with Darcy's graph and the validity of Darcy's equation is verified. The trends of the present graph is coinciding with that of Darcy's graph such that the validation of this experimentation is checked. Another set of graphs are also drawn with hydraulic gradient versus velocity for all regimes of flow. A polynomial second degree equation (i=a1 Vb 2 +k'Vb) has been proposed relating hydraulic gradient with bulk velocity in laminar and turbulent regimes. Hence this project result proves that, using this equation and corresponding constants discharge of a well can be estimated even if the flow is laminar and turbulent. Applications: The relation between hydraulic gradient and Reynolds number is obtained as i=0.0004 Re0.5. Substituting hydraulic gradient in this equation from field observations, Reynolds number can be find out. From the Reynolds number seepage velocity can be find out and corresponding discharge may be calculated in a well for any regime of flow which superfluous Dupuit's equation.

Keywords

Darcy’s Equation, Hydraulic Gradient, Porous Medium, Reynolds Number, Velocity of Flow.

Full Text